As of May 12, 2025, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is charting an ambitious course for lunar exploration, building upon the successes of its previous missions. With Chandrayaan-4 and Chandrayaan-5 on the horizon, ISRO aims to deepen our understanding of the Moon and pave the way for future human expeditions.
Chandrayaan-4: Pioneering Lunar Sample Return
Chandrayaan-4 is envisioned as India’s first lunar sample return mission moon. The mission plans to collect up to 3 kilograms of lunar regolith from near the Shiv Shakti point, the landing site of Chandrayaan-3. This endeavor will involve complex operations, including soft landing, sample collection, ascent from the lunar surface, and safe return to Earth. The mission is currently in the design phase, with a projected launch around 2027 .
Chandrayaan-5: Collaborative Exploration with Japan
Following Chandrayaan-4, ISRO has secured approval for Chandrayaan-5, a mission developed in collaboration with the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA). This mission will feature a 350 kg rover designed to explore the Moon’s permanently shadowed regions, particularly near the south pole, in search of water ice and other resources. Chandrayaan-5 is scheduled for launch after 2027 and represents a significant step toward India’s goal of a human lunar landing by 2040 .
Technological Advancements and Preparations
To support these ambitious missions, ISRO is focusing on developing advanced technologies:
- Space Docking Experiment (SPADEX): Aimed at demonstrating autonomous docking capabilities in space, SPADEX is a critical precursor for the complex maneuvers required in sample return missions .
- Gaganyaan Mission: India’s first crewed spaceflight mission, Gaganyaan, is set to conduct uncrewed test flights in 2025. This mission will validate life support systems and other technologies essential for human space exploration .
- Bharatiya Antriksh Station: ISRO plans to establish its own space station by 2035, providing a platform for sustained human presence in space and further lunar mission support .
Global Context and Strategic Importance
ISRO’s lunar missions are part of a broader global effort to explore and utilize the Moon’s resources. The focus on the lunar south pole aligns with international interests due to the potential presence of water ice, which is crucial for sustaining human life and could serve as a resource for fuel production .
By advancing its lunar exploration capabilities, India positions itself as a significant player in the new era of space exploration, contributing to scientific knowledge and fostering international collaborations.
Also Read : CBSE Results 2025
